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Chapter
Six : Research, international cooperation,
education
& public awareness
6.1
Research
The
government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) attaches great
importance to the research and development of science and
technology. R&D investment has exceeded 1% of GDP since
1984. In 1997 it reached 1.9%, totaling NT$156.3 billion
(about US$5 billion). The major organizations responsible
for researching climate change and greenhouse gas emissions
are (1) the National Science Council (NSC), (2) the Environmental
Protection Administration (EPA) and other agencies. The
NSC is mainly responsible for promoting basic scientific
research, while the EPA and other agencies for promoting
application-oriented research on relevant executive and
policy-making matters. Academic or research institutes are
usually commissioned by government agencies to carry out
research. The current situation concerning basic and applied
scientific research projects undertaken by academic research
institutions is outlined below:
6.1.1
Basic Scientific Research
Climate
change drew the attention of scientists early on and as
a result related research got under way internationally
and in Taiwan fairly early as well. Major international
research projects relating to climate change include three
networks : the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program
(IGBP) promoted by the International Council of Scientific
Unions (ICSU), the World Climate Research Program (WCRP)
promoted by the World Meteorology Organization (WMO) and
the International Human Dimensions Program on Global Environmental
Change (IHDP) promoted by the International Social Science
Council (ISSC). Taiwan's scientific community has participated
in each of the three networks since Global Change academic
research began in 1989. The IGBP was the first project that
focused on climate change undertaken by the NSC. In order
to advance this project, the Academia Sinica set up the
"China (Taipei) IGBP Committee" (IGBP-ROC) in
September 1988. The IGBP-ROC is now a member of the IGBP.
The "Global Change Task Force" was established
under the "Environment and Development Committee"
of the NSC in June-1994. In November 1994, a five-year medium
range plan was completed. The "Global Change Task Force"
was renamed the "Sustainable Development Research and
Promotion Committee" in 1997. It has promoted global
change studies across other different fields. It also enables
the collaboration and interchange between specialists from
the humanities (such as economics and environmental engineering)
and engineering sciences. The objectives of the medium range
plan are to :
1.Understand
the impact of global change on Taiwan's natural environment;
2.Obtain regional data so as to understand the operation
of the earth system and the processes of global change;
3.Set up regional climate and environmental models so as
to forecast future changes;
4.Provide needed environmental data, keep in line with the
international convention on preventing global change, and
make suggestions on feasible proposals to meet the requirements
in the convention;
5.Evaluate the impact on Taiwan's economy and social system
from the changes of the climate and natural environment,
provide response strategies, including prevention and adjustment
measures, and draft a blueprint for Taiwan's sustainable
development.
Under
the five-year framework plan for global change research,
the NSC subsidized 740 large-scale research projects on
global change in the six years between 1994 and 1999. There
have been about 14 groups of projects each year in recent
years. Total research funds over those six years exceeded
NT$1 billion. There are more than 100 project leaders guiding
global change research and several hundred researchers involved.
Fields included cross the lines between nature studies,
biology, engineering and the humanities. It is the biggest
and most important agency in Taiwan's governmental efforts
in global environmental change research. This demonstrates
the value the R.O.C. government puts on research into global
change. The project can be divided into the following 7
groups:
1.Atmospheric
chemistry and radiation
2.Ocean circulation
3.Ocean flux
4.Climate change and forecasting
5.Past environmental change
6.Hydrological cycle and global change
7.Global environmental change research in the humanities
and social sciences
The
above-mentioned seven topics and sub-projects relating to
them coordinate in principle with the core projects of the
IGBP. As a result, nearly all of the research groups have
a corresponding international academic society. Some members
of the research groups further play important policy-making
roles in these international organizations. In the future,
the project will focus on the impact of climate and environmental
change, on mitigation strategies for alleviating the impact
and on appropriate adjustments that Taiwan should implement.
Future plans include establishing an observation and monitoring
system, understanding processes and causes, using models
for forecasting, evaluating and responding to the impact
of change, participating in international collaborative
research. This also demonstrates Taiwan's dedication and
contribution to global climate change research.
Numerous results have accumulated since the start of many
global change studies in 1989. An initial atmospheric chemistry
monitoring system has been set up in Taiwan and adjacent
areas. Monitored data are processed allowing detailed evaluation
of global climate change's impact on Taiwan's environment
and ecology. Human factors in global environmental change
have been studied as well. We have already come to understand
well the climate system. In recent years, the NSC has encouraged
local academics to take part in international organizations
and events by means of the "International Participation
in Global Change" program so as to raise the R.O.C.'s
status in the international community and to improve academic
research standards. The "Global Change Communication,
Forum and Global Information Network" program enables
domestic academics to understand advances in different fields,
enhances interchange between fields, inspires more in-depth
study by allowing information exchanges with local or foreign
academics via the Internet, and also provides that expertise
to non-expert policy makers.
6.1.2.
Application-oriented research
1.EPA
greenhouse gas investigation and study of reduction strategies
The
EPA has made every effort since it was established in 1987
toward participating in international environmental affairs.
In order to coordinate with the UN Montreal Protocol, which
controls substances that deplete the ozone layer, the EPA
set up a "Montreal Protocol Task Force" to meet
future national environmental quality targets and to adjust
to the international environmental protection trend in August
1991. The "National Environmental Protection Plan"
was produced, covering short-, medium- and long-term action
plans for reducing greenhouse gases in August 1997. In addition,
the EPA drafted Taiwan's "Agenda for the 21st Century"
in line with the international trend of sustainable development.
It is clear that Taiwan's response to climate change has
transformed from basic reaction to the level of sustainable
development.
The EPA approaches research into climate change from the
position of policy-making. It has conducted greenhouse gas
reduction evaluations and formulated environmental impact,
adjustment, response and control strategies. From 1991 to
1995, the EPA focused on surveying greenhouse gases, impact
assessment, setting up a technological information database
and planning. From 1995 to 1998, the EPA focused on studying
adjustment strategies, strategies for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions, assessing economic impact and conducting
cost benefit analyses of different control mechanisms.
In 1998, the NSC and the EPA jointly formed an inter-agency
task force for promoting academic cooperation. Funded from
fees on air pollution, the NSC conducted an technology project
supported by the fund of air pollution prevention tax. In
the three years between 1998 and 2000, a total of NT$330
million was allocated to 283 projects. Four major projects
were planned to respond to the framework convention on climate
change. They are "Energy policy and industrial restructuring,"
"Functional evaluation of forest reserve as greenhouse
gas stores," "R&D of carbon dioxide fixing
technologies" and "Determining flux in greenhouse
gases and reduction countermeasures." A total of 69
projects were approved with a total budget exceeding NT$70
million.
Basic data relating to climate change in Taiwan have been
acquired through these projects. Projections on greenhouse
gases, impact reduction analyses, response strategies and
other basic data needed for the National Communication Report
were obtained. Meanwhile, recommendations were made to the
government on strategies such as energy conservation, raising
energy efficiency, reviewing the energy supply structure
and industrial restructuring. In addition, preliminary methods
have been developed to fix carbon dioxide through chemical
and biological technologies. In the future, planning will
be carried out on the greenhouse gas situation, possible
reduction mechanisms and clean energy, done in the expectation
that research results will yield reasonable, effective and
low-cost response and control strategies.
2.Research
into energy and greenhouse gas reduction
The Energy Commission (EC) of the Ministry of Economic Affairs
is the agency responsible for drafting the R.O.C.'s energy
policy. In responding to the impact on Taiwan's energy use
of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), from 1992 the EC has conducted a "Research
project on energy strategies to control carbon dioxide emissions,"
including measures involving energy and industrial development,
energy supply restructuring, and economic impact assessments.
In addition, the EC has conducted research into "man-made
greenhouse gases in the Taiwan area" and "post-UNFCCC
analysis." Because energy policy touches on many areas,
the EC is continuing to conduct research into energy market
liberalization, raising energy efficiency, promoting co-generation,
energy conservation, developing new and clean energy and
evaluation of economic incentives, so as to meet targets
of lowered carbon dioxide emissions and to stabilize domestic
energy use.
In order to understand the UNFCCC's impact on Taiwan's industry,
from 1992 the Industrial Development Bureau (IDB) of the
Ministry of Economic Affairs first focused on the chemical
industry, which emits large quantities of carbon dioxide,
and promoted a five-year research plan on reducing greenhouse
gas emissions from chemical processes. The results include
the setting up of a CO2 emission model for industrial processes,
estimations of the proportion of total CO2 emissions coming
from chemical-related industries (petrochemicals, steel,
cement, plastics, rubber, fertilizer, pesticides, basic
chemistry, chemical fibers, etc.), and suggestions of industrial
responding strategies. The IDB also conducts research on
CO2 recovery, storage and reuse overseas.
In order to realize the conclusions of the "National
Energy Conference" held in May 1998 and in December
1999, the NSC and EC completed the "Long Term Energy
Technology Development Plan". The key points of this
project are:
a) Energy conservation and raising energy efficiency, including
energy conservation technologies; raising energy efficiency
(of equipment); raising efficiency of resource recycling.
b) Developing and utilizing new energy sources, including
renewable energy; developing new uses for energy; researching
energy produced from waste.
c) Energy management technology, including drafts of code
and standard; energy pricing structure rationalization;
design of incentives mechanisms; energy-saving lifestyle;
cost effectiveness studies; consideration of social welfare.
d) Promotion strategies and measures, including enlarging
R&D manpower and allocating sufficient fund for R&D.
The purpose is to adjust Taiwan's energy supply structure
and reduce CO2 emissions through energy conservation, use
of clean forms of energy, increased efficiency and proper
management.
3.Research
into forecasting climate change
In
January 1994, in response to climate change in Taiwan, the
Central Weather Bureau (CWB) of the Ministry of Transport
and Communications set up a "Climate Change Working
Group." This group collects data and carries out analyses
in five areas: the impact of rising sea levels; Taiwan climate
data analysis (including standard meteorological factors
as well as data on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases);
changes in weather patterns; meteorological disasters; numerical
simulations. In 1998, the group carried out a project on
"the Effect of Global Climate Change on Taiwan's Use
of Water Resources and Agricultural Production". In
the future, the CWB will continue to compile a regional
climate database, improve climate monitoring, introduce
and develop global and regional numerical models, track
climate change, explore the relationship between change
in the Taiwan region and elsewhere, and look into the causes
and processes of climate change and its future trends.
4.Research
into the influence of climate change on water resources
In
light of the impact of climate change on water resources,
in 1995 the Water Resources Bureau carried out a study of
the influence of climate change on water resources as well
as an impact assessment and research into response strategies.
In the same year, the Water Conservancy Agency (WCA) carried
out experiments and drew up comprehensive plans on advance
warning installations for long-term changes to water resources
and coastal change. It also studied the impact of global
climate change on water resources in the Taiwan area. In
1996, the WCA conducted assessments of the impact of global
climate change on Taiwan's runoff; an investigation and
analysis of river basin water resources and changes in the
ecological environment using the Houlung River as a case
study; investigation of climate change and tree growth ring
indices. In 1997, the Water Resources Bureau conducted research
into sustainable development of water resources in coastal
regions and management of maritime water resources as well
as planning to prevent coastal disasters.
5.Research
into the influence of climate change on agriculture
In its response to global warming, apart from strengthening current forest resources, the Council of Agriculture (COA) under the Cabinet has also been promoting afforestation projects for the general public and sought assistance from overseas. In 2001 afforestation have been carried out on 4,267 hectares, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide by 157,879 tons. The coverage of forest in Taiwan is 58.5%, the Forestry Bureau is devoted to rehabilitating and foresting perennially, the policy and goal of increasing the coverage of forest continuously do not change.
The "Project to strengthen forest ecosystem operations"
is being undertaken by the Forestry Bureau, Taiwan Forestry
Research Institute, Veterans Affairs Commission Forestry
Department, National Taiwan University, National Chunghsing
University and Chinese Culture University. Through its experiments,
the project has drafted a regional forest ecosystem operations
plan, proposed appropriate operation strategies for current
forest resources so as to reach the target of sustainable
forestry operations that are ecologically healthy and meet
the demands of society.
In 1998, the "Research Project into Climate Change"
was launched, investigating the forestry, livestock, arable
and fisheries sectors and drafting response strategies for
the agriculture industry.
The influences of climate change on forestry production
can be summarized as 1) Changes in productivity; 2) Movement
in areas planted; 3) Repeated interference; 4) Changes in
development of the forestry industry. Consequently, forestry
operations and resource planning to respond to developments
in society and human activities should research and develop
in the following areas:
(1)
Establish the concepts of sustainable forestry development
and high-forestation and promote concepts of protecting
forest resources and the natural environment.
(2) Strengthen management of current forestry operations
to increase forest density and build up carbon sink.
(3) Carry out long-term research into forest ecosystems
and develop research systems and strategies for running
forest ecologies that are appropriate for Taiwan's environment.
(4) Raise self-sufficiency and sustainability of timber
resources, carry out classification of forestland, strengthen
follow-up cultivation in man-made forests, plan timber production
zones and adopt conservationist approach.
(5) Promote afforestation and "greening" of industrial
and urban areas so as to increase Taiwan's absorption via
photosynthesis of carbon dioxide.
(6) Implement energy replacement plan including developing
use of forestry products and of biomass fuels to replace
fossil fuels so as to greatly reduce CO2 discharges, encourage
increase in the area of forest coverage, strengthen carbon
soil content in forests, promote recycling of carbon fuels.
6.2
International cooperation and exchange
The
greenhouse effect and climate change are global environmental
problems. A concerted international effort is needed to
ease the environmental impact. International exchange is
needed therefore if collaborative international research,
technology transfers, greenhouse gas emissions trading,
joint reductions, fiscal support and political communication
are to succeed. For political reasons, Taiwan is unable
to become a UN member. Hence, although Taiwan has greenhouse
gas reduction technology and a foundation in climate change
research, the country is still unable to dedicate itself
in the way that signatories to the Framework Convention
on Climate Change can. Taiwan can currently only exchange
and cooperate with other nations on related matters through
civil groups.
6.2.1
Participation in international organizations
Participation
in international organizations is an essential and important
part of international exchange. The regular activities of
such groups can boost cooperation and mutual help between
nations. Taiwan is currently a formal member only of "Global
Change" international research groups such as the International
Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) Science Committee on
which Taiwan is represented by the Academia Sinica. IGBP
is built around a number of core projects including GCTE
(Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems), DIS (Data and
Information Services), LOICZ (Land-Ocean Interactions in
the Coastal Zone), IGAC (International Global Atmospheric
Chemistry Project), JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study)
and PAGES (Past Global Changes). Each of these projects
has a working committee. Taiwan is now a member of almost
all of the afore-mentioned bodies. In addition, the National
Science Council is a member of the International Group of
Funding Agencies for Global Change Research (IGFA). National
Taiwan University's Global Change Research Center is an
international resource center for the IGBP's IGAC and ARARE
core projects; researchers from China, Hong Kong, Japan,
South Korea and the United States are participating in this
project.
In 1991, before the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change was signed, Taiwan participated in the
third and fourth conference meetings of the inter-governmental
negotiating committee. Taiwan had NGO observer status under
the name of the non-governmental Industrial Technology Research
Institute. Taiwan subsequently participated in the 1992
Earth Summit. From 1993, Taiwan attended meetings of the
FCCC subsidiary bodies (Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
Technical Advice and Subsidiary Body for Implementation)
and from 1995 attended the FCCC treating signing international
conferences.
6.2.2
Participation in international activities
As
the collaborative international research plan into global
climate change requires regular coordination, since 1992
Taiwan has participated in more than 30 scheduled conferences
relating to the project, including those of the IGBP and
its core projects, IGFA, the World Climate Research Program
(WCRP). Taiwan has come to have a more and more important
position in these organizations and conferences. In particular,
in recent years Taiwan has participated in the activities
of regional organizations. Most important of these is the
Southeast Asia Regional Committee (SARCS) under the Global
Change System for Analysis Research and Training (START)
which has made a concrete contribution toward research into
regional environmental and ecological change. A summary
of Taiwan's participation in international activities follows:
1.
1988 - Taiwan participated in the first Scientific Advisory
Council meeting (SAC-1) of the IGBP.
2. 1991 - The National Science Council and IGBP-ROC attended
the IGBP Asia Working Meeting in India, presented a comprehensive
national report and explained Taiwan's research projects
relating to Global Change.
3. 1992 - An observer team consisting of academics brought
together by the National Science Council attended peripheral
meetings at the Earth Summit. In the same year, the National
Science Council commissioned National Taiwan University's
Institute of Oceanography to convene a meeting of the Scientific
Steering Committee of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
(JGOFS-7) in Taipei.
4. 1993 - PAGES seminar held in Taipei.
5. 1994 - The National Science Council organized the sixth
IGFA conference in Taipei.
6. 1995 - Participated in START's SARCS-6 and SARCS-7 conferences
and the IGBP's SAC-4 meeting.
7. 1996 - Attended START's SARCS-8 meeting and the SARCS/START/APN
Global Change Science and Policy Forum.
8. 1997 - Attended START's SARCS-9 meeting.
9. 1998 - Provided US$20,000 to START for use in the joint
seminar organization; participated in the second meeting
of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX), the
TOGA-TAO Panel meeting, the twelfth SRACS meeting, and GCTE,
LTER and APARE meetings.
10. 1999 - Provided US$20,000 to START for use in the joint
seminar organization; attended the IGBP's SAC-5 meeting,
SCSMEX oceanography working group meeting, LUCC conference
organized by SARCS, TRMM science subcommittee meetings,
all related to the international Global Change project,
which had a positive significance for raising Taiwan's position
in the project.
The
Energy and Resources Laboratories of the Industrial Technology
Research Institute, with the help of the Environmental Protection
Administration, became a member of the International Emissions
Trading Association (IETA). IETA is a non-official, not-for-profit
body set up by UNCTAD (the UN Conference on Trade and Development)
and the Earth Council. Its purpose is to promote information
and exchange of experiences about the Kyoto framework to
international businesses. IETA currently has nearly 40 well-known
international enterprises as members. The information and
channels provided by this association will help Taiwan respond
to the FCCC as well as increase opportunities to participate
in international cooperation.
Taiwan's EPA has cooperated with the EPA in the U.S. on
the "Energy Star" project, a good example of international
cooperation. The Energy Commission has also begun to set
bilateral technological cooperation in motion. Current prospective
partners are the Netherlands, the United States, Japan and
Denmark. This will expand Taiwan's opportunities for participating
in international cooperation in response to global climate
change. The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum
Energy Group expects to start next year estimating the possibility
of cooperation in the Asia Pacific region's response to
the greenhouse effect, with clean development systems given
priority. As an APEC member, Taiwan endeavors to join this
project.
6.2.3
Technological needs
The
Taiwan area is an island and is fairly vulnerable to the
environmental changes brought by climate change. In striving
to raise standards of living over the past 30 years, Taiwan
has put all its efforts into economic development. Applied
research into environmental renewal, sanitation and ecological
preservation has lagged behind. Taiwan consequently now
needs technological support on strata subsidence, developing
water resources, sanitation and ecological restoration and
preservation. Further, since Taiwan relies heavily on imported
energy, it plans to development progressively cleaner and
more modern energy technology. However the costs of this
kind of technology are high and there will be difficulties
meeting the target. So Taiwan needs to ask developed countries
for support on new, clean energy technologies.
6.3
Education and public awareness
Greenhouse
gas emissions, climate and environmental change and other
factors linked to global warming do not just belong in the
realm of scientific research. Since the causes of climate
change cross national boundaries, they will have a political
and economic impact on every nation. To avoid the trend
of continued global warming, "policy coordination"
and "national participation" are even more important
than scientific research and technological countermeasures.
Hence the topic of global warming needs to have not just
consideration and input from researchers, but it also requires
the awakening of the whole population's environmental consciousness.
Consequently we must rely on schools and all aspects of
education in society. A survey in 1996 found that: "30-50%
of junior high school to university students have the most
basic understanding of global climate change; around 45%
of university graduates have equivalent knowledge. Nevertheless
around half of people in society have less than the knowledge
of average junior high school student." It is apparent
that in the near future the emphasis will be on education
in schools on global warming while education in the rest
of society will wait to be strengthened.
6.3.1.
Environment science education
The
National Science Council, when mapping out a five-year medium
range Global Change plan in 1994, proposed the following
popularization measures for education and public awareness:
1.
Elementary and junior high school teacher training: training
can be given through cooperation with environmental education
departments of teacher training colleges; additionally,
information on Global Change can be incorporated into training
meetings for teachers and administrative personnel.
2. Hold regular meetings to publicize research results,
workshops to spread information and seminars to introduce
concepts for the public and media.
3. Publish a series of introductory books and produce related
films: Compile a series of popular science books to convey
the importance and relationship to Taiwan of research on
Global Change; television films could also be produced to
explain in a vivid way all aspects of Global Change. In
addition, the concepts of sustainable development could
be included in school textbooks.
6.3.2.
Environmental education in schools and society
In
1990, the Ministry of Education established an "Environmental
ProtectionDivision" to lend an impetus to environmental
education and pollution prevention work at all levels of
schooling. Thedivision was also given responsibility for
integrating and assessing the education system at all levels
as well as the environmental protection education work of
all parts of the Cabinet. The Environmental Protection Division
at the Ministry of Education recognizes the role that should
be played by education in the nation's sustainable development.
It produced "Entering the 21st Century - A strategy
of Environmental Education for Sustainable Development"
which contains three goals : (1) Abide by the nation's basic
constitutional policy while advancing education in sustainable
development (2) make the whole population recognize environmental
problems, understand and care about the relationship between
man and the living environment and participate in maintaining
the ecological balance and the quality of the environment;
and (3) foster environmentally-aware citizens through education
who have the principles, knowledge, attitude, abilities
and values needed for environmental protection and improvement.
The Environmental Protection Administration's Comprehensive
Planning Bureau established an "Environmental Education
and Public Awareness" unit with responsibility for
promotion of awareness of environmental protection policy
and laws and environmental protection measures and, through
schools and other channels in society, to strengthen environmental
education.
In 1997, to raise the quality of Taiwan's environment and
to adjust to the international tide of environmental protection,
the EPA introduced the "National Environmental Protection
Plan." This contains three-stage objectives for Taiwan's
environmental protection education and public awareness:
1.
Short-range objective (Year 2001): Priority on promoting
policies currently being carried out by the EPA and environmental
protection measures easily carried out by individuals.
2. Medium-range objective (Year 2006): Gradually foster
spontaneous environmental protection activities among the
public; guide activities to resolve problems.
3. Long-range objective (Year 2011): Environmental protection
is well engrained as a habit in society and environmental
principles take root.
Education
and public awareness schemes relating to reducing greenhouse
gases emissions currently being by followed by the EPA include
: spreading awareness of regular testing of vehicle exhausts;
spreading awareness of pollution control technology for
fixed pollution sources and of clean fuel; encouraging companies
to conserve energy, increase energy efficiency, promoting
electricity co-generation and renewable energy sources;
researching a carbon tax or energy tax and emissions trading
systems as a way to guide industry to develop low energy
consuming and clean production methods; strengthening training
of researchers and advisers for environmental education,
seed teachers and volunteers; single window access for education
and public awareness work; producing educational materials
appropriate for different groups in society and all age
groups, with different topics and locations; strengthening
education, training and communications with target organizations;
participating in international exchange activities and international
collaborative projects.
6.3.3.
Schools and civil groups
The
number of courses on climate change in Taiwan's colleges
has already started to rise, showing that colleges are progressively
spreading education of climate change. In addition, there
are now over 50 civil environmental protection organizations.
Since these groups have much in common and many members,
they can form the core of environmental education. The environmental
education they set in motion in society will penetrate even
more deeply and effectively. Currently, most civil groups
in Taiwan stress local environmental pollution problems
or ecological protection. Activities include publishing,
holding forums and lectures, producing and spreading television
programs. Some organizations focus on bigger environmental
problems, maintain links overseas, hold Earth Day activities
and so on. In short, schools and civil organizations have
an indispensable part to play in education and raising public
awareness of climate change.
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