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Chapter
Five : Policies and Measures
5.1
Taiwan's Perceptive Position
Because
Taiwan is not a member state of the United Nations, she
is not eligible to ratify the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC). However, as a member of the
global village fulfilling the responsibility of protecting
the worldwide environments as well as attaining sustainable
development, Taiwan would still respond actively and push
forward different policies of no regrets. This is in accordance
with the spirit of the UNFCCC on climate change as "common
responsibility but to different degree", and "cost
effective" as well as "lowest cost" procedures.
In addition, the government will still actively partake
in the conference of parties of UNFCCC and the relative
working group meetings. Through some bilateral consultative
courses as well as Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperative (APEC)
meetings, Taiwan's efforts on reducing the emission of greenhouse
gases could be understood by the international community,
and the recognition and support of our government could
be achieved.
5.2
Taiwan's Policy
In
response to UNFCCC, the government of Taiwan has deployed
different policies to be executed by the energy, industrial,
agricultural, forestry and waste (and wastewater) sectors,
in which the 'no regret' energy policy is being put as the
top priority. The related perceptive policies are:
1. Energy Policy and Energy Structure Adjustment
Promoting energy conservation, elevating energy efficiency,
researching new energy technologies and developing clean
energy.
2. Industrial Policy and Industry Structure Adjustment
Promoting balanced development on industry structure, volunteering
energy conservation by the industry, clean production, environmental
management, and green products.
3. Agricultural Developmental Policy
Promoting administration of sustainable agriculture, maintenance
of ecological balance, and rational dispensation of agricultural
land to other sectors.
4. Forestry Administration Policy
Promoting sustainable administration, multi-objective utilization
on resources, and expansion of forest area.
5. Waste (Wastewater) Prevention Policy
Enforcement on control of pollution sources, clean production,
and waste-to-energy.
5.3
Perceptive Measures
According
to the policy stated by the respective ministries of the
Executive Yuan, the abatement measures set by the energy,
industrial processes, solvent and other product use, agriculture,
land change and forestry, and waste sectors which are the
main greenhouse gas emission sources are as follows:
5.3.1
Energy Sector
1.
Promotion of energy conservation and elevation of energy
efficiency
On promoting energy conservation measure in the energy conversion
sector, industry, transport as well as residential and commercial
sectors, it is estimated that the accumulated energy conserved
would be 16% by 2010, and up to 28% by 2020. The accumulated
amount of energy saved would be 19.73 billion kiloliters
of oil equivalent in 2010 and 41.87 billion kiloliters of
oil equivalent by 2020.
(1) Energy Conversion Sector
The objective of the energy policy in the Taiwan area is
to establish a free yet with order, efficient and clean
energy supply and demand system. The system should be based
on the ideology that is feasible in the present situation,
as well as with local distinctiveness, unexploded frontier
attributes, public acceptability and practicality. Further,
in accelerating the liberalization and privatization of
the energy business, a comprehensive energy policy system
balancing energy, environments and economy should be established.
As of the two major division of the energy conversion sector,
the electric and petroleum business divisions, they are
working hard on reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases.
The typical measures are :
A. Electric business division
(a) Raising thermal efficiency of electric generators of
power plants
The primary goals are to raise the thermal efficiency of
the newly installed power generators, maintain the thermal
efficiency of the existing power generators, and establish
thermal efficiency standards of the electric generators
of different types of thermal power plants. Further, in
raising the efficiency of the transmission and distribution
so that losses on transmitting electricity through the power
lines can be reduced. Secondly, the power factor is being
raised through improvement of grid structure, control of
fault electricity and reduction of voltage instability rate,
as well as careful planning of the use of capacitors.
(b) Continue executing the promotion of co-generation and
encourage construction of natural gas-fired power plants
as well as the use of renewable energy
Until April 2001, the total capacity of co-generation power
plants in Taiwan is 4,820 MW. It is expected that with the
growth rate of 200 MW per year, the total capacity will
reach 5,500 MW by the year 2005. In addition, in privatizing
power plants and on using natural gas as fuel, the ratio
on using natural gas in power generation of the whole system
will reach 35 % by 2007. Further, on promoting the use of
renewable energy, "Research and Development Planning
Group on the Use of New and Clean Energy" was established
inviting academics and experts in Taiwan. The group will
study the development potentials so that accurate and feasible
plans could be made that the goal of 3 % of the total energy
supply to be provided by the use of renewable energy by
2020 could be reached.
(c) Aggressive promotion of Power Demand Side Management
(DSM)
On the load management and energy conservation procedures
practiced at present, the load management reduced 170 MW
of peak power each year on the average for the past 5 years.
It is estimated for the coming 5 years, 120 MW of power
demand will be reduced each year. Further, through dissemination
on the energy conservation procedures, 50 MW of electricity
could be reduced each year. In the future, a comprehensive
planning study should be carried out on the power demand
side management system that the groundwork and structure
of power demand side management system of Taiwan could be
carefully established, and the planning of total energy
conservation procedures could be complimented. Moreover,
the energy saving mechanism of the power market of Taiwan
could be built, the rational management of electricity market
is promoted, the peak power load is further cut, the stress
on building new power plant is reduced to reach the goal
on reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases.
B. Petroleum business division
The liberalization and privatization of petroleum business
division will continue to be promoted. In the first stage
starting January 1999, fuel oil, jet fuel and liquefied
petroleum gas are opened to import. In the second stage,
starting from December 26, 2001 complete line of oil products
had been opened to import. The "Petroleum Administration
Law" was promulgated on October 11, 2001. This will
be the guideline on managing the petroleum market. The privatization
of the Chinese Petroleum Corporation is expected to be completed
by 2003. Energy conservation is the main policy of the Chinese
Petroleum Corporation. At present, "Procedures on Energy
Conservation of the Chinese Petroleum Corporation"
has been set to elevate the efficiency of energy management
and to reduce the waste on energy utilization.
C. Assertively promoting the use of natural gas
The natural gas utilization has been increased from 3.48
million metric tons in 1997 to 13 million metric tons in
2010 and 16 million tons in 2020.
D. Establishment of future energy structure and power structure
ratio
The energy structure in 2020 is planned to be 27 to 30 %
of coal, 37 to 40 % of oil, 14 to 16 % of natural gas, 1
to 3 % of hydroelectric, 13 to 15 % of nuclear power and
1 to 3 % of new energy.
E. Promotion of the policy on the use of low sulfur oil
The sulfur content of all kinds of oil product will be further
reduced.
(2) Industrial Sector
Energy used in the industrial sector in 2000 was 48.5 %
of the total energy consumption. The energy used by the
energy intensive industries (including steel, petrochemical,
cement, paper making and manmade fiber industries) was 65.5
% of the energy used by the industrial sector. Hence, the
most effective method to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide
gas is to adjust the industry development policy. The newly
developed industry with high added value and less energy
consumption as well as high industry related effects will
be encouraged. In addition, advancement of the traditional
industries in Taiwan as well as raising the added value
with the use of high technology will also be encouraged.
The related perceptive measures on the abatement of emission
of carbon dioxide are as follows:
A. Comprehensive balanced development will be emphasized
on future adjustment of industrial structure
The industrial structure in 2020 is planned to be 55 % of
the gross domestic products to be technology intensive industry,
20 % to be traditional industry and 25 % to be primary industry.
B. Establishment of energy efficiency index of new plants
The energy efficiency index of the main products of the
newly introduced energy intensive industry will be developed
in different stages. The applicable technology of high efficiency
will be brought in and admission procedure of examining
the energy efficiency of the new plants will be established.
It is expected that an accumulated amount of 4.37 million
kiloliters of oil equivalent of energy will be conserved
by 2020.
C. Implementation of energy audit system
The energy efficiency of the top 100 energy intensive business
in Taiwan will be audited. Business with comparatively low
energy efficiency will be requested to improve their performance
on schedule. At the same time, energy intensive business
will be assisted on establishing goals of energy conservation
and executing the related projects. It is expected by 2020,
the energy utilization efficiency of the industry will be
elevated with an accumulated amount of 4.45 million kiloliters
of oil equivalent of energy.
D. Promotion of projects on voluntary energy conservation
by industry
The steel, petrochemical, cement, paper making and manmade
fiber industries will be assisted to set up projects on
promotion of energy conservation. Energy efficiency will
be elevated and production cost will be reduced. It is expected
an accumulated amount of 1.9 million kiloliters of oil equivalent
of energy will be conserved by 2020. The energy utilization
of different plants, the energy efficiency, the structure
of data bank and periodic data on the emission of carbon
dioxide of the 5 major industries were completed by June
1999.
E. Elevation of energy efficiency standard on industrial
equipment
The standards on energy consumption efficiency of electric
motors, boilers, industrial refrigerators and air conditioners
equipment are raised, and the assessment as well as implementation
system is established. The amendment completed in December
1999 raises more than 5 % on the national standard of the
efficiency of 3-phase electric motors, and the new standard
to be enforced by January 2002 would match the efficiency
with that set by American and Canadian standards. The period
of two years in between these two standards is for assisting
the industry to improve the production technology. The new
(amended) energy efficiency standard on boilers, industrial
refrigerators and air conditioners will be made in 2001
and will be implemented in 2003.
F. Extending the implementation of subsidy on energy conservation
In accordance with the Statute for Upgrading Industries,
the government provides corporations with incentives to
procure energy-conservation equipment in the form of a two-year
accelerated depreciation scheme, a 10% to 20% tax credit,
and low-interest loan.
G. Service on energy conservation technology
The government provides technical consultation, inspection,
examination, assessment, planning, as well as design on
energy conservation technology for small business, and assistance
in improvement engineering work as well as aids in bringing
in technology. Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) will be
established to assist the operation efficiency and energy
utilization efficiency of factory. It is expected by 2020,
an accumulated amount of 2.5 million kiloliters of oil equivalent
of energy could be conserved. Assistance in energy conservation
technology is provided for over one hundred and more small
businesses Capital raising can be assisted as well as technology
is brought in. The planning of domestic market and system
on energy conservation service is concluded. In accordance
with the scheduled improvement work on energy audit, ESCOs
industry is established.
H. Promoting international projects on concurrent reduction
In promoting projects on concurrent reduction with other
nations, cooperation and transfer of technology could be
enhanced between nations. This could elevate the production,
energy conservation and reduction technology of the industries
in Taiwan.
(3) Transportation Sector
A. Elevation and establishment of energy consumption standards
for cars and motorcycles
The energy consumption standards of cars and motorcycles
are amended in stages. The energy consumption standards
of passenger cars (sedans or station wagons) and motorcycles
will be raised 5 % to 10 % in accordance with different
vehicle classes by 2003. The fuel efficiency of motorcycles
could be raised 30 % and that of passenger cars 20 % by
2020. The energy consumption standard of light truck, small
commercial vehicle, and passenger car (not sedans or station
wagons) was set in 2001. With assertion on promotion of
energy saving cars and motorcycles, it is expected an accumulated
amount of 1.79 million kiloliters of oil equivalent of energy
could be conserved.
B. Promoting the use of energy conserving vehicles
Promote electric scooters, research and develop critical
technology, set up peripheral utilization environments and
institute relative laws. Accelerate the retirement of old
vehicles. Conclude developing relative technology of electric
scooters by June 2003, and promote the use of electric scooters.
In addition, depending on the maturity of the alternative
energy technology, promote the use of buses running on alternative
energy. Promoting in stages the use of natural gas buses,
hybrid buses and electric buses. It is expected that an
accumulated amount of 0.83 million kiloliters of oil equivalent
of energy could be conserved by 2020.
C. Develop fuel cells for electric scooters
Taiwan is capable of designing and manufacturing electric
scooters. To solve the problems such as insufficient running
distance between charges, "Research and Applications
Project of Fuel Cells" is promoted. The following projects
are being executed : establishing "Fuel Cell Promotion
Group" by the Executive Yuan to set up Taiwan's development
policy, assisting private industries to establish "Fuel
Cell Partners Union" to develop fuel cell electric
scooters, working on fuel cells development and application
research projects, and working on commercialization development
projects of fuel cell electric scooters.
D. Foster mass transit systems on rail
Promote the construction of high-speed railway. Construct
metropolitan mass transit system. Elevate the service quality
of Taiwan Railways by reaching 1.89 billion man-rides by
2020. It is expected an accumulation amount of 0.74 million
kiloliters of oil equivalent of energy could be conserved
by 2020. The high-speed railway is scheduled to be finished
by December 2005 and the construction of Kaohsiung metropolitan
mass transit system to be completed by 2017.
E. Implement management strategy on transportation system
Implement automatic ramp traffic controls and high passenger
rate control policy on highways. Reduce the numbers of small
passenger cars on the use of highway throughout the year.
Promote the construction of computerized traffic light systems
to reduce the energy consumption by moving vehicles. It
is expected an accumulated amount of 0.3 million of kiloliters
of oil equivalent of energy could be conserved by 2020.
The automatic traffic control systems of the entire first
north-south highway will be completed from 1999 to 2003.
Beginning 2001, the computerized traffic system is being
constructed successively.
F. Develop intelligent transportation system
Develop electronic automatic toll collection system to reduce
the slowing down of vehicles and thus the waste of fuel
when passing toll station. Develop priority traffic system
for buses to increase the bus speed and improve management
efficiency so that the passenger rate could be elevated.
It is expected an accumulated amount of 1.26 million kiloliters
of oil equivalent of energy could be conserved in 2020.
Starting 2002, electronic automatic toll collection system
is constructed for the entire traffic system to be completed
by December 2016. Beginning 2003, the practice of priority
traffic system for buses will be extended.
G. Lower the environmental impacts associated by transportation
activities
(a) Pursue integration of the three rails including Taiwan
Railways, High-Speed Railways and Mass Rapid Transit Railways.
Work on "System Integration Planning of the Rail Transit
System of the Taiwan Western Corridor", including projects
such as "Improvement Engineering on Outer Rail Linkage
of the High Speed Railway Station Areas", "Increased
Stops in the Metropolitan Areas" and "Combined
Stations of the Three Rail Systems in the Metropolitan Areas".
Plan on integration the land use for transportation. Reduce
or redistribute the space and time associated with travels.
(b) Apply communication technologies to reduce transportation
needs. On sea passages, the construction of hub stations
for seaway data network is completed. On mass transportation,
prudently pursue work on intelligent mass transportation
system, metropolitan transportation system, inter-city transportation
system as well as commercial transportation system. Plan
on promoting the development of advanced transportation
management system, advanced travelers data system, advanced
mass transportation system, and construction of electronic
toll collection system. These measures are to solve the
problems on transportation so that the limited transportation
resources could attain the largest achievements with highest
efficiency.
(c) Reduce environmental pollution from harbors and sea
transportation activities. Promote projects on energy conservation
for fishing vessels and assist replacement of retired old
fishing vessels to reduce the carbon dioxide emission from
this source.
(d) Develop "Green Transportation" to incorporate
humanization and beautified landscape. With aspects on "Value
Engineering" and "Environmental Protection"
to evaluate the planning and design of each engineering
projects and procedures. Designs on engineering construction
and landscape integration will be emphasized on any future
new projects. During the engineering construction, not only
the construction technology is considered but the harmony
between human and nature will also be incorporated.
(4) Residential and Commercial Sector
A. Elevate the efficiency standards of electric appliances
To raise the energy efficiency standards of air conditioners,
refrigerators, lucent lamps, laundry dryers and electric
motors for 5 % to 25 % in stages. It is expected an accumulated
amount of 3.36 million kiloliters of oil equivalent of energy
could be conserved by 2020.
B. Project on green buildings and residential environmental
technology
The goal of this project is to promote co-existing and co-benefit
of buildings and environments, sustained administration
of living environments and to elevate the quality of living.
The executive measures include:
(a) In order to enhance the benefits of energy conservation
of buildings, the government passed the rules on building
technology the energy consumption index of building exteriors
(ENVLOAD) for regulation in 1995 and was later revised and
broadened the applicable targets. It is expected that about
57 % of buildings will be put under regulation.
(b) Assist the training of instructors on energy conservation
auditors. In compiling training materials suitable for domestic
building energy conservation, concepts and technology on
energy conservation could be disseminated through education.
(c) In conjunction with the "Prevention of Water Pollution
Law", amendments on building technology regulations
are studied. Regulations on the design technology on waste
water treatment facilities are also installed and practiced
in 1999 to uphold the quality of living environments.
(d) In reference to the classroom illumination standards
of advanced countries, the Ministry of Education has revised
with approval from the Executive Yuan the illumination standard
of general classrooms in schools as: not lower than 350
meter-lumens for desk illumination and not lower than 500
meter-lumens for blackboard illumination in principle. In
addition, attention should be made to avoid side lights
from lamps to assure luminous environments for protection
of the health of the eyesight of the students. Further,
schools of all grades are assisted to use high efficient
and energy saving lamps for conservation of energy as well
as improvement on the luminescence quality.
(e) In conjunction with the energy policy of Taiwan, plans
on comprehensive energy conservation and energy efficiency
elevation of the residential and commercial sector was studied.
It is expected the goal of energy conservation of 28 % will
be reached in 2020.
C. Research and develop the 7 assessment indices on green
buildings with indigenous distinctiveness
Integrate and develop green building technology. Complete
researching the 7 assessment indices on green buildings
with indigenous distinctiveness including: green index,
ground water preservation index, water resources index,
green house gas reduction index, ordinary energy conservation
index, waste reduction index, as well as waste water and
refuse improvement index. These indices are set to let both
the venture and consumer could have a common assessment
guideline. The results will be collected and edited as a
"Portrayal and Assessment Handbook of Green Buildings".
D. Realize promotion projects of green buildings
In concurrence with the goal of building a green silicon
island, green buildings that preserve ecological environments
are aggressively pursued. On 8 March 2001, the Executive
Yuan approved the "Green Building Endorsement Project"
as introduced by the Ministry of the Interior. Starting
from the public buildings of the governmental departments
and encouraging the participation of private sector, the
market mechanism and environments of green building business
will be naturally formed. The goals of effective use of
resources, energy conservation as well as carbon dioxide
reduction will be reached. The practical administration
measures are as follows:
(a) Beginning 1 January 2002, new public buildings with
total revenue of more than NT$ 50 million of the central
government, or those receiving more than half of its subsidy
from the central government will have to receive green building
candidate certification before allowed to apply for construction
permit.
(b) As regulated by the energy conservation design of building
exteriors (ENVLOAD), items listed in the construction permit
will be examined and submitted for audit.
(c) Plan on awards or subsidy on improvement of energy consumption
of old buildings.
(d) Adapt systems on interior environmental quality assessment
and green building material emblems.
(e) Investigate (revise) regulations and laws on relative
technologies on construction material waste recovery and
renewed utilization.
(f) Investigate (revise) relative rewarding mechanism on
green buildings.
E. Sponsor activities on election of green house emblems
Co-sponsoring with mass communication media on competition
activities on green house emblems. In addition to promote
the concept of green buildings, extended public participation
is endorsed.
F. Fortify energy consumption index on structure exteriors
Continue to execute the investigation assessment on the
design regulation on energy conservation of the six kinds
of buildings as set by the energy conservation regulation.
Investigate and revise the energy consumption index on building
exteriors (ENVLOAD), and practice accordingly.
G. Establish valuation system on building energy conservation
Design test methods and experimental systems on building
materials character evaluation to set up gradually the building
materials character certification mechanism. Beginning 2003,
the respective department will be inspecting construction
materials, and extend the pursuance on building energy conservation
policy accordingly. The energy consumption standards of
construction material for building exteriors were passed
in December 1999. In 2000, the "Laboratory for Measuring
Thermal Congregation Rate of Building Structures" was
instituted to establish analyzing methods of measuring thermal
insulation character of building materials and mechanism
of future evaluation procedures. Hence, results on promotion
of extended energy conservation design on new buildings
will be enhanced.
H. Establish total energy management system on buildings
Investigate and analyze energy consumption data of all kinds
of buildings every year. Presently, the investigation and
analyzes of the total energy consumption of commercial and
residential buildings have been completed. The electricity
consumption data of department stores, hotels, hospitals
as well as other buildings will be investigated and analyzed,
so that the electricity consumption standards for all kinds
of buildings and respective improvement strategy can be
based on. Based on the research results of investigation
on electricity consumption, the preferential rate system
of electricity can be assessed and be extended to the residential
and commercial buildings. This is to evaluate the feasibility
of effectively controling the building that electricity
can be used rationally.
I. Execute project on 'energy star' buildings
Through the Taiwan/US collaborative "Energy Star Project",
respective practical technology and experiences on building
energy conservation could be introduced. A commercial building
will be selected from Taipei and Kaohsiung each to promote
the energy efficiency improvement project on lighting, air
conditioning, electrical machinery, and office utensils
for the demonstration of energy conservation building promotion
in Taiwan.
2. Closely monitor the development trend of UNFCCC to investigate
perceptive policy of Taiwan
(1) Build analytic models of economic growth and cost on
reduction of greenhouse gases to emphasize the policy analyses
as well as assessing the influence of foreign environmental
policy on the economic growth of Taiwan and the cost of
green house gas reduction.
(2) Revise the national communication report of Taiwan to
attain international support of our volunteering action
on reduction of greenhouse gases.
(3) Promote projects on joint efforts of multi-nations on
reduction and investigate the trading system of quotas on
emission of greenhouse gases
(4) Establish the reduction base lines for greenhouse gases.
3. Emphasize energy technology development
(1) Put together NT$ 10 billion from the Energy Funds in
five years for the promotion of energy conservation, energy
efficiency elevation and research and promotion of the use
of clean energy.
(2) Plan and promote long term development plans on energy
technology among ministries in the Executive Yuan. Taking
the reference that new energy and clean energy as in the
optimistic inventory potential is able to reach the goal
of 10 % of the total energy allotment by 2020 ( 7.8 % when
not counting new energy utilization and 5.2 % without additional
hydroelectric power ), an additional and more realistic
goal of 3 % of the total energy allotment (not including
new energy utilization and hydroelectric power) is planned.
Policy is made and system is established for green environmental
protection and sustained development. Using 3 E's, viz.
Engineering, Economy and Regulation as assessment yardsticks,
as well as Environment as the three factors for the assessment
of feasibility of technological development. The present
development direction and promotion strategy of long term
research and development projects are:
A. Research direction
(a) Energy conservation and energy efficiency elevation:
including energy conservation technology, elevation of energy
efficiency (devices), as well as elevation the rate of resource
recovery.
(b) Development and utilization of new energy: including
renewable energy, new utilization of energy, as well as
energy from waste.
(c) Energy management technology: including investigation
of regulations and standards, rationalization of structure
of energy payment, design of provision mechanism, modes
of energy conservation living, research in cost effectiveness
as well as considerations of social welfare.
B. Promotion strategy
Extend organized personnel of research and development.
Allocate sufficient funding for research and development.
Institute energy instruction committee of joint ministries
by the National Sustained Commission of the Executive Yuan
to be responsible for conveyance, integration and assessment.
Stress on promoting application and endorsing international
cooperation.
4. Better use of energy policy tools
(1) Review the cost of energy and the taxation system to
reflect the industrial cost and social cost rationally.
(2) Draw up the electricity law, petroleum management regulation,
as well as regulation on emission of greenhouse gases to
complement privatization of electricity and petroleum business
and to control the emission of greenhouse gases to meet
the requirements of the laws.
(3) Through procedures of subsidy, tax reduction and power
purchase, emphasize the development and utilization of renewable
energy. Laws and regulations actively installed and announced
include :"Promotion endorsement regulations on solar
thermal water systems", "Installation subsidy
regulations on wind power demonstration system facility",
"Installation subsidy regulations on solar photovoltaic
power demonstration facility", tax reduction and accelerated
depreciation on "Rules on promotion of elevation of
industry", "Tax reduction rules on applicable
investment of installation of energy conservation facilities
or application of new or clean energy facilities or technology",
"Administrative details on rewarding power generation
using methane from landfills of common wastes", and
purchase of power from renewable energy sources using price
rate of co-generation.
(4) Lower the relative tariffs on natural gas and expand
the use of natural gas. Adopt preferential duties which
include : reducing the current tariff 3% to 0% on natural
gas and levying the half commodity tax on it, and canceling
the preferential price of natural gas for fertilizer manufacture.
The industrial consumers who use natural gas as fuel don't
pay the tax for preventing air pollution.
(5) Promote the energy education in schools, enhance the
train and promotion of energy technologies in industries,
strengthen the propaganda of energy education toward the
public, and encourage the afforestation projects.
5. Emphasize climate monitoring and better use of climate
resources
Develop short-term climate forecast technology and promote
the application of weather and climate forecasts.
5.3.2
Industrial Process, Utilization of Solvents and Other Products
Sectors
The emission of greenhouse gases of industrial processes
comes from many different industrial activities. The main
emission sources are produced from the different chemical
or physical changes in the industrial processes. Through
these processes different kinds of greenhouse gases will
be emitted. The utilization of solvents and other products
would emit NMVOC into the atmosphere because of evaporation.
According to the data of green house gas emission from the
six categories of Taiwan in 1990 to 1999, greenhouse gases
emitted from industrial process with larger quantity are
carbon dioxide, halocarbon and hexaflouride sulfur (SF6),
and NMVOC. The emission of methane and nitrous oxide comprises
of less than 1 % of the total emission. Carbon dioxide is
produced from the process, and halocarbons come from the
products using such materials. Hence, the reduction measures
of the two categories of industrial process as well as the
use of solvents and other products are administered both
from the production and consumption sides:
1. Management of stationary pollution sources
(1) Add the item of carbon dioxide increment to the assessment
procedure of environmental influences of major development
activities.
(2) Control the volatile organic matters. Emphasize the
development on reduction technology of organic waste in
different industrial processes and the research in organic
materials with low volatility.
(3) Endorsement of reduction of emission of volatile organic
matters and nitrous oxides from stationary pollution sources.
(4) Endorsement of installation of oil gas recovery facility
in gasoline filling station.
(5) Promote fuel control and encourage the use of clean
fuels. The administration procedure is to limit the use
of fuel of less than 0.5 % sulfur content in the metropolitan
areas.
2. Environmental management
(1) In conjunction with the development of environmental
management standards, national standards on perceptive environmental
management are instituted
(2) Establish certification and verification system with
international compatibility and strengthen the development
of local environmental management system.
(3) Examine the present environmental protection policy
and regulation to promote the environmental management profession.
(4) Establish assessment technology and data bank to help
the industry accomplishing environmental management work.
(5) Disseminate green purchase ideals and promote the system
of environmental emblems.
3. Clean production and green products
(1) Clean production: establish promotion projects on pollution
prevention and assist in the development of clean production
technology. Disseminate the ideals on clean production and
stress on the training of relative personnel. Assist the
industry to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and
help to develop technology of reducing the emission of greenhouse
gases. Assist the industry to realize industrial waste reduction
and elevate the process efficiency. Encourage the middle
to small businesses to practice clean production by Chinese
satellite system.
(2) Green production: establish technology and data bank
of 'Life Period Assessment' to help the industry to promote
developmental work on products designed for the environment.
Endorse and assist the industry to produce environmentally
friendly products. Examine and develop standards on required
specifications of green products. Continue to promote the
system of environmental protection emblems and stress on
follow up assessment work. Continue to promote cross international
verification of products with environmental protection emblems.
Push for green purchase by the government, and then extend
to the big enterprises and the business with ISO certification
so that the demand side of green products could be broadened.
4. Reduction procedures on halocarbons and hexaflouride
sulfur
(1) Volunteering project by the Taiwan semiconductor business
on reduction of PFCs
The Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Association (TSIA) and
the World Semiconductor Council (WSC) signed a memorandum
on PFCs reduction in April 1999. TSIA agrees to use the
emission of 1998 as baseline and will reduce 10 % of PFCs
emission by 2010.
(2) Control procedures on ozone layer damaging chemicals
Following the control schedule of the second stage of the
Montreal Protocol, the consumption of CFCs is reduced to
zero since CFCs are banned from both production and import
since 1 January 1996. As for business and supplier of HCFCs,
a quota system is being employed and the consumption of
HCFCs will be reduced to zero by 2030. Continue administrating
the recovery and re-use of CFCs will not only fulfil the
goal of reduction of emission but also decrease the impact
on insufficient refrigerants. HCFCs substitutes and related
technology are introduced and developed. The yearly amount
of chemicals banned by the Montreal Protocol consumed in
Taiwan is being reported to the ozone secretariat of the
Environmental Planning Administration of the United Nations
periodically. Enforce the arrest by the related ministries
of the Executive Yuan of smugglers of chemicals banned by
the Montreal Protocol. Manufactures of main computer board,
personal computers, mouses, etc. in Taiwan are publicized.
The use of banned HCFCs products will be prohibited in the
manufacturing process as of 1 January 2000. It was announced
on 1 January 2000 that fire extinguishers containing the
chemical Halon are banned from import. "Ozone Layer
Protection Medal" is held every year by the industry,
government and academics in Taiwan to award those distinctive
in working on reduction of ozone damaging materials or developing
alternative technology, prevention of green house effects
and improvement of air quality.
5.3.3
Agricultural Sector
According to the data on the emission of greenhouse gases
of Taiwan from 1990 to 1999, among the artificial emission
sources, 10 % of methane and 92 % of nitrous oxide come
from agricultural department. The perceptive procedure on
methane and nitrous oxide emission from the agricultural
department are as follows:
1. Reduction procedure on methane emission
Although about two-thirds of the greenhouse gases come from
combustion of fossil fuels, the amount of the emission of
methane only comprised of 1.6 % to 2.5 %. If the average
of 2 % is taken for calculation, 8 % of methane in the atmosphere
comes from natural and artificial emission sources outside
of energy use. Natural emission sources come from wetlands,
rivers, oceans and lakes. The changes of emission from natural
sources are closely related with human activities.
(1) Agricultural policy
Promote 'Continuation project on utilization adjustment
of rice paddy fields'. Work on planned idle cultivation
and rotation of paddy fields to reduce the emission of methane
from paddy fields and combustion of straws. Continue the
promotion of retirement of fruit plantation for forestation
or crop conversion. Assist vegetable growing turning to
idle or green fertilizer cultivation. Adjust the quantity
and method of applying organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer.
Promote the use of biological fertilizer and encourage the
production of organic fertilizer from agricultural and livestock
wastes as well as cyclic utilization of agricultural waste.
Reduce pollution of rivers and underground water and the
necessity of energy. Cultivate species with less water and
dry tolerant crops. Administrate "Project on adjustment
of fertilizer policy". Promote the use of organic fertilizer
and biological fertilizer. Promote rational use of chemical
fertilizer and develop sustained production from soil.
(2) Livestock industrial policy
(a) Promote reduction of waste in livestock farms and work
on recycling of resources, aiming at the goal of zero pollution
of the industry.
The future livestock will be majoring in domestic market.
It should balance between environmental protection and production,
work towards modernized industrial development with high
efficiency, high quality and environmentally permissiveness.
(b) Adjusting the structure of livestock industry
The perceptive procedures encourage those livestock farms
with small scale, no capability, no motivation to improve
their livestock cottages, or farming management to leave
the industry. Further, professional livestock farmers are
greatly assisted in working on different kinds of methods
reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.
(c) Emphasize pollution prevention of the livestock industry
Assist the livestock industry to work on utilizing organic
waste. In raising the rate of installing pollution prevention
facilities in the livestock farm, pollution monitoring and
auditing are emphasized and the treatment rate of excrement
from livestock are elevated. Waste reduction is being practiced.
Farmers are encouraged to intelligently utilizing biomass
energy. Assist farmer group or organization to form livestock
waste treatment center, so that waste resources could be
recycled for use.
(d) Promote waste reduction and pollution prevention in
livestock farms to realization of beautification of environments
Assist industriously the livestock farms to improve their
wastewater treatment facilities. Encourage the installation
of cleaning facilities on excrements of livestock or concentrated
cottages to reduce the pollution. Promote the recycling
of wastewater to reduce the use of water on livestock cottages.
Assist the recovery for reuse of solid waste from livestock
excrement to make biological fertilizer to be used in the
farmland for the benefit of land utilization. Assist the
farmers to adjust the formula for animal feed. Develop deodorizing
technology and use livestock cottages with waterfall or
other means of ventilation to reduce the odor concentration
and quantity of production. Encourage broad plantation of
green belt within the livestock farms to create green and
scenic environment that good image of livestock farming
could be established.
(3) Fishery policy
Establish designated industrial areas for fish hatchery.
Assist the development of fish hatchery using pure seawater
that harmonizes the industrial development with natural
environments. Carry out research, development and promotion
of all kinds of fish hatchery facility using recycle water.
(4) Methane emission from wetlands, oceans, rivers and lakes
The quantity of methane emission from wetlands, oceans,
rivers and lakes is affected by the changing of tides, flooding
conditions, conditions of plant growth, and amount of organic
matters in soil. The government has begun to pursue the
lowering of pollution in rivers. This could decrease the
amount of organic matters in the natural surroundings of
the wetlands, etc. mentioned above and could help reducing
the amount of methane emission.
2. Reduction procedure on nitrous oxide emission
Wetlands, water rice paddies, dry farmlands, treatment of
livestock wastes, water leaking from waste landfills, as
well as transportation are the main sources of nitrous oxide
emissions. In the Taiwan area, the quantity of nitrous oxide
emission from land transportation is next to wetland and
dry farming. Because land transportation is increasing by
the year, so as the amount of nitrous oxide emission thus
caused. The feasible reduction procedures at present are:
(1) Agriculture policy
Control the water content in soil (water fields and dry
fields) and adjust non-essential water leakage. Regulate
irrigation water quantity and method such as intermittent
water distribution. Develop slow effective fertilizers.
Nurture species with high rate of nitrogen utilization.
Continue to promote the inhibition of burning crop residues,
assist the farmers in correct treatment or technological
utilization on crop residues. Promote ecological environmental
protection of water fields and restore underground water
replenishment.
(2) Livestock industry
Improve formula for livestock feeds such as low, coarse
protein content in feeds could reduce emission of low nitrogen.
Assist in effective collection, treatment and reuse of excrement
of livestock. Improve management on livestock cottages and
feed and research in technology on treatment of excrement
of livestock.
(3) Fishery industry
(a) In conjunction with "Administrative project on
underground collapse prevention" (1996 to 2000) and
"Phase 2 of administrative project on underground collapse
prevention" (2001 to 2004), assist in the fish hatchery
industry for rational use of water and land resources, lower
the ratio of fresh water fish hatchery, and reduce the usage
of underground water.
(b) Promote the regulations on limiting emission of waste
gases from fishing boats and strengthen the audit and control
of emission of waste gases from fishing boats.
(4) Control of air pollution sources
Strengthen the audit and control as well as collection of
air pollution amends for stationary pollution sources and
the audit of inspection and adjustment and repair as well
as collection of air pollution amends for moving pollution
sources.
5.3.4
Land Use Change and Forestry Sector
Forests can absorb carbon dioxide, and the change of land
use would increase or decrease the emission of greenhouse
gases because of the change of the way of using land. The
procedures concerning the land use change and forestry sectors
are as follows:
1. Forestry
(1) Emphasize forestation, forest protection and forest
improvement: promote the 'National forestation movement
principles and administration project', administer administrative
project of national forestation movement. Emphasize forestation
and restoration on forests. Manage and develop of government
and private forests as well as promote and incubate good
quality trees. Emphasize forest protection and prevention
of forest adversity. Accelerate inspection management of
safety forests. Protect forests in reserved areas for aborigines.
(2) Emphasize monitoring and management of water reclamation:
perform certification of water reclamation professionals.
Emphasize the inspection and reprimand irregular development
and utilization of precipice. Work on declaration of special
water-resource protection zone. Practice water reclamation
monitoring and management. Emphasize education and promotion
of water reclamation. Promote balanced utilization of precipice
with production, living and environmental protection.
(3) Promote mountain use and disaster prevention as well
as integrate planning and management of water collection
areas: promote the second phase of mountain use and disaster
prevention project. Take water collection area as ecological
unit, and using total control principle to limit development,
plan mid to long term projects integrating the river water
collection areas and realized according to stages and different
areas. Establish disaster prevention technology system on
precipice and differentiate river water collection areas
and wild brooks. Emergency treatment of major disasters
in precipice. Water resource protection of mid to small
water collection areas. Project on reclamation of ground
layer slipping of the Li-Shan area. Reclamation project
on integration of water collection area in the Te-Chee reservoir.
(4) Promotion of projects on forestation and green beautification
on plains
Assist low production farmlands to convert to forestation.
With direct payment or exchange of land to encourage or
subsidize, ecological environments of the city and country
could be improved. Construct green corridor, beautify scenery
of Taiwan's coast. Construct coastal scenic environmental
forests. Build national information system on green resources
and network on green education and training.
2. Land Use Change
For the sake of entering the World Trade Organization (WTO)
and elevate the international competitiveness of the agricultural
products of Taiwan, the government in accordance with the
principle of integrated planing of national land, has been
promoting the project on releasing farmlands. The quantity
of release on farmland is adjusted according to the needs
of different departments so that the resource of farmland
is rationally distributed to different department. This
could benefit the integrated construction of the nations
and also lower the emission of greenhouse gases from the
agricultural activities on the farmland.
5.3.5
Waste Sector
The waste department includes garbage landfills, wastewater
discharge, and the production of the three greenhouse gases
of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from waste
incinerators. Garbage landfill is the largest emission source
of methane (above 64 %), the ratio of the total emission
of the rest of the two greenhouse gases is not high.
1. Garbage landfills treatment
(1) Control methane emission from garbage landfills
Control the methane emission from garbage landfills according
to the "Regulations on common waste landfills facilities"
of the laws on waste treatment.
(2) Promote the recovery of methane for reuse from landfills
According to the 'Administrative procedures on encouragement
of methane power generation from common waste landfills
by the Environmental Protection Administration of the Executive
Yuan', methane power generation plants are given monetary
awards, and the power generated can be sold to the Taiwan
Power Company. At present, there are methane power generation
from Shan-Chu-Koo landfills in the Taipei City and Si-Ching-Pu
landfills in the Kaohsiung City.
2. Promote the project of construction of incinerators
The government is actively promoting incinerators as the
major method of garbage treatment. In the first stage to
be completed in 2002, 21 incinerators will be built. At
present, 8 incinerators have been installed. The government
is to process to pursue the second stage in which 15 incinerators
will be constructed. When completed, the incinerated rate
of garbage in Taiwan would reach 9 %, and installation of
incinerators would help reduce the methane emission.
3. Wastewater discharge
(1) Green beautification of rivers
The present work on green beautification of rivers include
pollution renovation project of Tan-Shui River, beautification
project of Er-Chung Flood Control Channel and green beautification
project of high banks of rivers, etc. This could reduce
the methane emission from this department.
(2) Control of sources of wastewater pollution
Emphasize the controls of pollution source of wastewater
and emission reduction. Reduce the organic pollution from
water emission from fishery hatchery and the quantity of
excrement from the species in the hatchery. Promote the
pollution control aside from point sources. Strengthen the
construction of public sewage system. Proceed renovation
work on pollution from oceans, rivers and lakes.
(3) Research and development of clean manufacturing technology
Pursue technology of pollution prevention and reduction
of industrial waste, introduce clean manufacturing technology
and wastewater treatment technology with high efficiency
and not occupying space.
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