|
|
Chapter
Two : Natonal Greenhouse
Gas
Inventories of Taiwan
2.1
Method and Its Uncertainty on Estimating the Emission of
Greenhouse Gases by IPCC
The
statistics and estimation of the emission of greenhouse
gases practiced internationally are based on the 'IPCC Draft
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories' (hereinafter
referred to IPCC method) set by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, IPCC. In recent years, the statistics
of greenhouse gas emission in Taiwan are also mainly based
on the estimation by IPCC method, but some of the information
also includes local measurements on emission. The reliability
and accuracy on the estimation of carbon dioxide emission
are high, but those of methane and nitrous oxide are relatively
low. In addition, the statistics on emission of other greenhouse
gases are not complete, yet. Furthermore, the government
is also monitoring the emission of greenhouse gases and
estimating the carbon dioxide removal capability of forests
and offshore seawater.
In 1994, the IPCC method was passed after several consultations
by the experts of IPCC and IEA in 1993, and further revised
at a meeting of experts in 1995. The revised version announced
in 1996 not only increases and amends the original estimation
method but also specifies the quantified description of
the accuracy on estimated data that the uncertainty of the
data can be determined.
The IPCC method suggests that the governments calculate
the emission and removal of important greenhouse gases according
to the following 6 sectors:
1. Energy: the total emission of greenhouse gases by energy
utilization includes the production of greenhouse gases
on the use of fuels, the production, transportation, storage
and transmission processes of energy, but not counting the
part used in international bunkers.
2. Industrial Processes: not counting the emission from
the use of energy, the total emission of greenhouse gases
produced in industrial processes should be reported individually
according to International Standard Industrial Classification
of all Economic Activities.
3. Agriculture: the estimation of the emission of greenhouse
gases according to agricultural activities does not include
the estimation from the combustion of biomass fuels.
4. Land Use Change and Forestry: the emission and removal
of greenhouse gases from the land use change and forestry.
5. Waste: the emission of greenhouse gases from landfills
and treatment of wastewater.
6. Solvent and Other Product Use: the IPCC has yet to suggest
the estimation method on the emission of non-methane volatile
organic carbon (NMVOC) from the use of solvent and other
materials containing volatile carbons.
The Information needed for estimating the emission of greenhouse
gases by IPCC method includes two categories of activity
data and the emission factor. In calculating the carbon
dioxide emission from the combustion of fossil fuels, the
activity data are the measurements of the quantity of all
kinds of fossil fuels used, and the emission factor is the
amount of greenhouse gases emitted from the technique used
by individual fuels. The activity data may be taken from
the official yearly statistical information from the government,
or investigation should be carried out if this is unavailable.
If the emission factor is not established, value suggested
by IPCC may be used. But the value suggested by IPCC is
a common value that would not reflect the special characteristics
of individual country or area. Hence, IPCC encourages each
participating government to carry out her own investigation
that the local emission factor may be used to improve the
accuracy of the information. In addition, IPCC requests
all the reference materials of activity data and emission
factor of each member government to be submitted for appraisal
by its experts.
The main elements that were revised in the 1996 IPCC method
of estimating greenhouse gases are as follows:
1.
Energy : It provides method for simple calculation of Tier
1 gases excluding carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide and
Tier 1 calculation of sectoral emission of carbon dioxide,
integrates calculating method for Tier 2 air vessels, incorporates
the automobile manufacturers in the calculations on the
sources, as well as suggests new emission factors for combustion
of biomass fuels and mobile sources.
2. Industrial Processes: It adds new greenhouse gases to
include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hexafluoride sulfur (SF6),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), ozone and aerosol precursors etc.
3. Agricultural Sector: It revises calculating units of
nitrous oxide to incorporate nitrous oxide emission sources
from soil and livestock, and modifies the emission factors
and quantities of methane emission from rice cultivation.
4. Land Use Change and Forestry: It improves information
contents in activity data including quality and quantity
of biological materials on earth, forestry conversion rates,
as well as adding calculation of carbon in soil.
5. Waste: It revises the definition of treatment (landfill,
abandon, etc.), provides more data on ratios of degradable
organic carbon in garbage, and modifies categorization of
wastewater treatment such as industrial, commercial and
residential waste water, etc.
Taiwan's
Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) used the IPCC
GHG Software (version 1.1) to estimate the 1990~2000 National
GHG inventories and established an electronic database using
the UNFCCC Common Reporting Format (UNFCCC CRF, v1.01).
Tables 2.1 through 2.5 are Taiwan's national greenhouse
gas inventories in 1990, 1994, 1996, 1999 and 2000, respectively,
showing anthropogenic emissions and removal by sink of carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Under the auspices
of the EPA, the Energy Commission, and the Council of Agriculture,
the emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides
in Taiwan area have been estimated using IPCC method as
well as measurements. The estimation of carbon dioxide emission
basically falls within the range of uncertainty mentioned
in the IPCC method. On the other hand, the differences between
the measurements and the IPCC estimation of
Table 2.1 Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Inventory of Taiwan in 1990
(Units : thousand metric tons)
| GHG
Emission Source and Sink Categories |
Carbon
Dioxide |
Methane
|
Nitrous
Oxide |
| National
Total (Net) Emission |
114,620.19
|
663.27
|
45.16
|
| 1.Energy |
120,969.06
|
80.75
|
1.43
|
|
A.
Combustion from Fuels
(reference)
|
113,539.83
|
|
|
|
(sectoral)
|
120185.55
|
9.59
|
1.43
|
|
1.
Energy Industry
|
46,185.55
|
1.21
|
0.64
|
|
2.
Manufacturing Industries and Construction
|
43,740.31
|
3.22
|
0.54
|
|
3.
Transport
|
22,329.07
|
4.12
|
0.19
|
|
4.
Other Sectors
|
4,654.65
|
0.17
|
0.01
|
|
5.
Other
|
4,059.48
|
0.87
|
0.05
|
|
B.
Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
|
0.00
|
71.16
|
0.00
|
|
1.
Solid Fuels
|
NE
|
37.32
|
0.00
|
|
2.
Oil and Natural Gas
|
NE
|
33.84
|
0.00
|
| 2.
Industrial Processes |
11,547.17
|
0.23
|
0.59
|
|
A.
Mineral Products
|
10,445.42
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
B.
Chemical Industry
|
461.82
|
0.23
|
0.59
|
|
C.
Metal Production
|
639.95
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
D.
Other Production
|
0.00
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
E.
Production of Halocarbons and SF6
|
NE
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
F.
Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6
|
NE
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
G.
Other
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| 3.
Solvent and Other Product Use |
0.00
|
NA
|
0.00
|
| 4.
Agriculture |
0.00
|
119.45
|
41.58
|
|
A.
Enteric Fermentation
|
NA
|
21.72
|
NA
|
|
B.
Manure Management
|
NA
|
38.28
|
2.67
|
|
C.
Rice Cultivation
|
NA
|
57.64
|
NA
|
|
D.
Agricultural Soil
|
NO
|
0.00
|
38.87
|
|
E.
Prescribed Burning of Savannas
|
NA
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
F.
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
|
NA
|
1.81
|
0.04
|
|
G.
Other
|
NA
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| 5.
Land-Use Change and Forestry |
-17,896.06
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
| 6.
Waste |
0.00
|
462.83
|
1.56
|
|
A.
Solid Waste Disposal on Land
|
NE
|
445.33
|
NA
|
|
B.
Wastewater Handling
|
NA
|
17.50
|
1.56
|
|
C.
Waste Incineration
|
NE
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
D.
Other
|
NE
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| 7.
Others |
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
Memo
Items:
|
|
|
|
|
International
Bunkers
|
6,612.36
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
Aviation
|
1,723.61
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
Marine
|
4,889.25
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
Multiple
Operations
|
NE
|
NE
|
NE
|
|
CO2
Emissions from Biomass
|
NE
|
NE
|
NA
|
| GHG
Emission Source and Removal |
CO2
Emission |
CO2
Remova |
Net
CO2 Removal |
CH4
|
N2O
|
| Total
Land-Use Change and Forestry |
2,753
|
-20649
|
-17,896
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
| A.
Change in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks |
501
|
-20,570
|
-20,070
|
|
|
| B.
Forest and Grassland Conversion |
2,252
|
|
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
| C.
Abandonment of Managed Lands |
NE
|
-78
|
-78
|
|
|
| D.
CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soil |
NE
|
NE
|
NE
|
|
|
| E.
Other
(Please
Specify) |
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Environmental Protection Administration of the Executive
Yuan
(2001)
| Table
2.2 Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Inventory of Taiwan in 1994 |
| |
(Units
: thousand metric tons) |
| GHG
Emission Source and Sink Categories |
Carbon
Dioxide |
Methane
|
Nitrous
Oxide |
| National
Total (Net) Emission |
152,988.84
|
954.47
|
50.14
|
| 1.Energy |
158,842.81
|
103.94
|
1.78
|
| A.
Combustion from Fuels
(reference) |
151,242.69
|
|
|
| (sectoral) |
158,842.81
|
12.42
|
1.78
|
| 1.
Energy Industry |
69,865.42
|
1.45
|
0.81
|
| 2.
Manufacturing Industries and Construction |
50,268.07
|
3.77
|
0.63
|
| 3.
Transport |
29,959.72
|
5.74
|
0.27
|
| 4.
Other Sectors |
5,286.58
|
0.58
|
0.02
|
| 5.
Other |
3,463.02
|
0.88
|
0.05
|
| B.
Fugitive Emissions from Fuels |
0.00
|
91.52
|
0.00
|
| 1.
Solid Fuels |
NE
|
48.63
|
0.00
|
| 2.
Oil and Natural Gas |
NE
|
42.89
|
0.00
|
| 2.
Industrial Processes |
14,493.70
|
0.22
|
0.54
|
| A.
Mineral Products |
13,485.94
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| B.
Chemical Industry |
485.14
|
0.22
|
0.54
|
| C.
Metal Production |
549.62
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| D.
Other Production |
0.00
|
NA
|
NA
|
| E.
Production of Halocarbons and SF6 |
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
| F.
Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6 |
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
| G.
Other |
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| 3.
Solvent and Other Product Use |
0.00
|
NA
|
0.00
|
| 4.
Agriculture |
0.00
|
118.53
|
46.11
|
| A.
Enteric Fermentation |
NA
|
25.35
|
NA
|
| B.
Manure Management |
NA
|
45.60
|
3.32
|
| C.
Rice Cultivation |
NA
|
45.94
|
NA
|
| D.
Agricultural Soil |
NO
|
0.00
|
42.75
|
| E.
Prescribed Burning of Savannas |
NA
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| F.
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues |
NA
|
1.64
|
0.04
|
| G.
Other |
NA
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| 5.
Land-Use Change and Forestry |
-20,347.67
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
| 6.
Waste |
0.00
|
731.77
|
1.71
|
| A.
Solid Waste Disposal on Land |
NE
|
713.18
|
NA
|
| B.
Wastewater Handling |
NA
|
18.59
|
1.71
|
| C.
Waste Incineration |
NE
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| D.
Other |
NE
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| 7.
Others |
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| Memo
Items: |
|
|
|
| International
Bunkers |
10,006.55
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| Aviation |
3,340.87
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| Marine |
6,665.68
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| Multiple
Operations |
NE
|
NE
|
NE
|
| CO2
Emissions from Biomass |
NE
|
NE
|
NA
|
| GHG
Emission Source and Removal |
CO2
Emission |
CO2
Remova |
Net
CO2 Removal |
CH4
|
N2O
|
| Total
Land-Use Change and Forestry |
2,488
|
-22,836
|
-20,348
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
| A.
Change in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks |
155
|
-22,742
|
-22587
|
|
|
| B.
Forest and Grassland Conversion |
2,333
|
|
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
| C.
Abandonment of Managed Lands |
NE
|
-93
|
-93
|
|
|
| D.
CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soil |
NE
|
NE
|
NE
|
|
|
| E.
Other
(Please
Specify) |
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Environmental Protection Administration of the Executive
Yuan
(2001)
| Table
2.3 Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Inventory of Taiwan in 1996 |
| (Units
: thousand metric tons) |
| GHG
Emission Source and Sink Categories |
Carbon
Dioxide |
Methane
|
Nitrous
Oxide |
| National
Total (Net) Emission |
206,385.60
|
960.01
|
43.64
|
| 1.Energy |
206,385.60
|
151.7
|
2.41
|
| A.
Combustion from Fuels
(reference) |
204,456.15
|
|
|
| (sectoral) |
206,385.60
|
15.30
|
2.41
|
| 1.
Energy Industry |
106,583.37
|
1.99
|
1.27
|
| 2.
Manufacturing Industries and Construction |
57,739.13
|
4.24
|
0.67
|
| 3.
Transport |
34,993.28
|
6.97
|
0.32
|
| 4.
Other Sectors |
6,729.83
|
0.91
|
0.05
|
| 5.
Other |
339.99
|
1.19+
|
0.10
|
| B.
Fugitive Emissions from Fuels |
0.00
|
136.40
|
0.00
|
| 1.
Solid Fuels |
NE
|
70.07
|
0.00
|
| 2.
Oil and Natural Gas |
NE
|
66.33
|
0.00
|
| 2.
Industrial Processes |
11,746.10
|
0.30
|
0.53
|
| A.
Mineral Products |
10,911.46
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| B.
Chemical Industry |
312.47
|
0.90
|
0.53
|
| C.
Metal Production |
522.17
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| D.
Other Production |
0.00
|
NA
|
NA
|
| E.
Production of Halocarbons and SF6 |
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
| F.
Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6 |
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
| G.
Other |
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| 3.
Solvent and Other Product Use |
0.00
|
NA
|
0.00
|
| 4.
Agriculture |
0.00
|
97.40
|
38.91
|
| A.
Enteric Fermentation |
NA
|
18.28
|
NA
|
| B.
Manure Management |
NA
|
34.80
|
3.41
|
| C.
Rice Cultivation |
NA
|
42.83
|
NA
|
| D.
Agricultural Soil |
NO
|
0.00
|
35.46
|
| E.
Prescribed Burning of Savannas |
NA
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| F.
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues |
NA
|
1.49
|
0.04
|
| G.
Other |
NA
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| 5.
Land-Use Change and Forestry |
-20,437.23
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
| 6.
Waste |
0.00
|
710.60
|
1.79
|
| A.
Solid Waste Disposal on Land |
NE
|
684.18
|
NA
|
| B.
Wastewater Handling |
NA
|
26.42
|
1.79
|
| C.
Waste Incineration |
NE
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| D.
Other |
NE
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| 7.
Others |
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| Memo
Items: |
|
|
|
| International
Bunkers |
17,176.29
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| Aviation |
4,984.73
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| Marine |
12,191.56
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
| Multiple
Operations |
NE
|
NE
|
NE
|
| CO2
Emissions from Biomass |
NE
|
NA
|
NA
|
| GHG
Emission Source and Removal |
CO2
Emission |
CO2
Remova |
Net
CO2 Removal |
CH4
|
N2O
|
| Total
Land-Use Change and Forestry |
2,471
|
-22,908
|
-20437
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
| A.
Change in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks |
141
|
-22,741
|
-22,599
|
|
|
| B.
Forest and Grassland Conversion |
2,329
|
|
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
| C.
Abandonment of Managed Lands |
NE
|
-167
|
-167
|
|
|
| D.
CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soil |
NE
|
NE
|
NE
|
|
|
| E.
Other
(Please
Specify) |
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Environmental Protection Administration of the Executive
Yuan
(2001)
| Table
Table 2.5 Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide
Emission Inventory of Taiwan in 2000 |
| |
(Units
: thousand metric tons) |
| GHG
Emission Source and Sink Categories |
Carbon
Dioxide |
Methane
|
Nitrous
Oxide |
| National
Total (Net) Emission |
218,488.86
|
595.20
|
37.87
|
| 1.Energy |
229,764.14
|
11.72
|
2.27
|
| A.
Combustion from Fuels ¡àÐ]reference¡àÐ^ |
218,551.46
|
|
|
| (sectoral) |
229,764.14
|
16.80
|
2.70
|
| 1.
Energy Industry |
120,172.94
|
2.14
|
1.47
|
| 2.
Manufacturing Industries and Construction |
63,544.92
|
4.79
|
0.78
|
| 3.
Transport |
35,601.04
|
7.08
|
0.32
|
| 4.
Other Sectors |
6,662.06
|
0.90
|
0.05
|
| 5.
Other |
3,783.18
|
1.89
|
0.08
|
| | |
